An opinion recorded in the Talmud states that prayers correspond to the daily sacrifices offered in the Temple which are mentioned in this week’s portion. (Berakhot 26b, Numbers 28:4) It has been argued that this opinion may be the conceptual base for our standardized prayer.  Since sacrifices had detailed structure, so too do our prayers have a set text.  

Why should this be?  If prayer is an expression of the heart why is there a uniform text that we follow?  

Rambam (Maimonides) writes that after the destruction of the First Temple and the consequent exile of Jews to Babylonia and Persia, Jews found it difficult to pray spontaneously.  Living among people who did not speak Hebrew, a new generation of Jews arose who no longer had the ability to use Hebrew as a means of articulating their inner feelings to the Almighty.  Responding to this use of language proficiency, Ezra and the great assembly introduced precisely formulated prayer. (Rambam, Code, Laws of Prayer 1:1)  

Here Rambam is arguing that standardization of prayer allows all Jews regardless of background and ability to express themselves, to be equal in the fraternity of prayer the well spoken and the least educated recite the same prayers.  

Rambam may also be putting forth the idea that with the appearance of the standardized prayer, Jews dispersed all over the world were united through a structured formula of prayer.  

Finally, Rambam echoes the Gemara, which states that Ezra designed the prayer service to correspond to the standard sacrificial service offered in the Temple.  In following this view, Rambam might be suggesting that after the destruction of the first Temple the rabbis sought to promote religious procedures that would link Jews living after the First Temple era with those who had lived during the time of the Temple.  Elements of the Temple service were therefore repeated in some form in order to bind Jews to their glorious past.  

The halakha indicates that structure should inspire spontaneity in prayer, but Rambam’s analysis reveals the importance of standardization.  Through the set text all Jews are democratized.  No matter our station in life, we all say the same words. And through standardization of text Jews scattered throughout the world are reminded to feel a sense of deep unity with their brothers and sisters throughout the world and with their people throughout history. Prayer then helps bring about a horizontal and vertical unification of our people, unification so desperately needed today.


Shabbat Shalom,

Rabbi Avi Weiss